Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats is one of the most common conditions in cats over seven years old. Unlike acute kidney injury, CKD develops silently over months or years, making early diagnosis essential to preserve your cat's quality of life.
What is chronic kidney disease in cats?
A cat's kidneys filter metabolic waste from the blood, regulate fluid balance and produce essential hormones. In CKD, this function deteriorates progressively and irreversibly. The disease is classified in four stages (IRIS), and in the early stages it can be practically asymptomatic. Regular check-ups with blood and urine tests are therefore key to detecting it in time.
Most common causes
It is not always possible to identify a single cause, but the most common factors include:
- Advanced age: kidneys wear down over time; cats over 10 years are particularly vulnerable.
- Genetic predisposition: breeds such as Persian, Turkish Angora or Abyssinian have a higher risk.
- Chronic infections: pyelonephritis or urinary tract infections not treated in time.
- Nephrotoxic drugs: prolonged use of certain anti-inflammatories or antibiotics.
- Systemic diseases: uncontrolled hypertension, hyperthyroidism or diabetes can accelerate kidney damage.
Symptoms of CKD in cats
The most common signs appear when kidney function is already significantly compromised:
- Increased thirst and more frequent urination
- Progressive weight loss and reduced muscle mass
- Frequent vomiting or nausea
- Dull, unkempt coat
- Lethargy and reduced activity
- Loss of appetite
- Bad breath with an ammonia smell (uraemia)
If you notice several of these signs in your cat, it is important to visit the vet without delay.
Diagnosis
The vet will carry out blood tests to measure creatinine, BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and SDMA, an early marker of kidney damage. Electrolytes (potassium, phosphorus) will also be evaluated and a urine test will be performed to measure density and detect proteinuria. Renal ultrasound completes the diagnosis, allowing the size and structure of the kidneys to be assessed.
Treatment and management of CKD
CKD has no cure, but adequate treatment can slow its progression and improve the animal's wellbeing:
- Fluid therapy: hydration is the cornerstone of treatment, both via subcutaneous fluids administered at home and with clinical sessions in advanced stages.
- Specific medication: antihypertensives, renal protectors (benazepril), phosphate binders and, if anaemia is present, erythropoiesis stimulants.
- Therapeutic diet: nutrition is one of the most important pillars of treatment.
How nutrition can help your cat with CKD
An adapted diet can make a significant difference to disease progression. The key points are:
- Low phosphorus content: excess phosphorus accelerates kidney damage. There is veterinary nutrition for cats with kidney problems specifically formulated with reduced phosphorus.
- High-quality proteins in moderate amounts: enough to maintain muscle mass without overloading the kidneys.
- High hydration: wet food for cats is especially beneficial because it provides water at every meal, reducing renal stress.
- Potassium control: many cats with CKD develop hypokalaemia; the diet should be adjusted accordingly.
If specialist food is not appetising for your cat, try senior cat food, which also tends to be more moderate in phosphorus and protein than standard food.
Quality of life and prevention
Although CKD cannot be reversed, many cats diagnosed in early stages maintain a good quality of life for years with appropriate management. Supplements for cats containing omega-3 and antioxidants can support kidney function and reduce inflammation. Carry out blood tests every 3-6 months, monitor blood pressure and always make fresh water available.
Early detection and the right diet are the most powerful tools to help your cat live better with this disease.
