Leptospirosis in dogs is a serious bacterial disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, potentially life-threatening and transmissible to humans (zoonosis). Despite the availability of vaccination, it is essential to know the risk factors, symptoms and preventive measures to protect your dog.
How leptospirosis spreads
Leptospira bacteria survive in moist environments for weeks or months. Transmission occurs mainly through:
- Contact with stagnant or muddy water contaminated with urine from infected animals (rats, wildlife).
- Direct contact with moist soil or contaminated vegetation.
- Bites from infected wild animals.
- Ingestion of contaminated water or food.
Symptoms
The incubation period is 4-12 days. Symptoms can range from mild to severe:
- Sudden fever and general malaise.
- Vomiting and diarrhoea, possibly with blood.
- Muscle pain and limb stiffness.
- Loss of appetite and lethargy.
- Excessive thirst and urination (signs of kidney involvement).
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and mucous membranes), indicating liver damage.
- In severe cases: kidney or liver failure, breathing difficulties.
Diagnosis
Through blood and urine tests, serological tests (MAT - microagglutination test) and possibly PCR for direct bacterial detection. Inform the vet about exposure to risky water or environments.
Treatment
Antibiotic treatment (mainly doxycycline or ampicillin) and in severe cases hospital care with fluid therapy and kidney support. Early diagnosis significantly improves the prognosis.
Prevention
- Vaccination: the leptospirosis vaccine is part of the regular vaccination programme. Ask your vet for the appropriate protocol for your region and lifestyle.
- Avoid contaminated water: do not let the dog drink from puddles, ditches or stagnant water. Use wipes for dogs and cats to clean paws after walks in wet or wild areas.
- Rodent control: keep the surroundings of your home rodent-free and do not leave food accessible that could attract rats.
- Nutrition and immune system: specific supplements can support immune defences, but do not replace vaccination.
- Clean rest spaces: dog beds placed in dry, clean areas reduce exposure to moist, contaminated ground.
Leptospirosis as a zoonosis
An infected dog can transmit the bacteria to humans through urine. If your dog has been diagnosed, take appropriate hygiene precautions (gloves, careful handwashing) and inform your doctor. With regular vaccination and proper preventive measures, leptospirosis is a largely preventable disease.
